수능 영어 공략하기 2. 어법 +EBS 영독 선별자료

수능 영어 공략하기 칼럼에서 어법편은 제가 예전에 만들어둔 학습지(?)로 대체하겠습니다,

1번부터 10번까지 중요도 순으로 소제목과 설명, 기출확인문제를 달아놓았습니다. (학습을 위해 밑줄 어법문제는 선택어법으로 바꿔놓았습니다.)

정답으로 가장 많이 나온 우선순위인 

주어동사의 수일치, 개수일치(정동사 문제), 능동수동, 관계사접속사, 형용사부사 

 를 기억하세요.

평가원 밑줄어법문제에서 위 5개 외의 선지가 정답인 경우는 거의 없었으니 어법문제를 풀 때 꼭 우선순위를 점검하시길 바랍니다. (to부정사와 동명사 구별 같은 내용은 선지로 나온적은 있지만 정답인 적은 없었음.)

1. 주어와 동사 일치

(1) 수 일치 (단, 복수 구분)

주어가 단수면 단수동사, 주어가 복수면 복수동사를 써야 한다. 요즘 수능은 수식어구 및 수식어절을 사용하여 주어와 동사 사이의 연결을 잘 안보이게 만들어서 수험생들을 혼란 시킨다. 

The average life of a street tree surrounded by concrete and asphalt (is/are) seven to fifteen years. (2010, 6)

Who we believe we are (is/ are) a result of the choices we make about who we want to be like. (2010, 9)

It refers to those who (claim/ claims) to be proficient at countless tasks, but cannot perform a single one of them well. (2011, 9)

So, what we really want, it seems, (is/are) to stop wanting. (2012, 6) 

Malinowski, the classic anthropological fieldworker, describes the early stages of fieldwork as ‘a strange, sometimes unpleasant, sometimes intensely interesting adventure which soon (adopt/ adopts) quite a natural course.’ (2012, 9)

There is a deep cavern on the island, containing the bones and arms of the Indians, who, it is supposed, (was/ were) buried there. (2013, 6)

Adapting novels (is/are) one of the most respectable of movie projects, while a book that calls itself the novelization of a film is considered barbarous. (2013)

(2) 주어, 동사의 개수 일치

한 문장에 나올 수 있는 주어와 동사의 개수는 각 각 한 개씩 이다. 하지만, 관계대명사, 접속사 등의 연결어가 있으면 주어, 동사가 한 개씩 더 있어야 한다. 즉, 연결어의 개수+1=주어, 동사 쌍의 개수다. 

A large number of efficiency experts set up shop in London, (advertising, advertised) themselves as knowledgeable about every type of new manufacturing process, trade, and business. (2011, 9)

The purser accepted the responsibility for the valuables and (remarking/ remarked), “It’s all right, I’ll be very glad to take care of them for you. The other man has been up here and left his valuables for the same reason!” (2011, 9)

The word ‘courage’ takes on added meaning if you keep in mind that it is derived from the Latin word ‘cor’ (meaning/ means) ‘heart.’ (2011) 

But persons who are daring in taking a wholehearted stand for truth often (achieving/ achieve) results that surpass their expectation. (2011)

However, if you are eating burgers and ice-cream to feel comforted, relaxed, and happy, (try/ trying) to replace them with broccoli and carrot juice is like dealing with a leaky bathroom tap by repainting the kitchen. (2012, 6)

It is true that the questions (dealt/ dealing) with very personal issues, but I have found that in general, no matter how touchy the question, if a person is telling the truth his or her manner will not change significantly or abruptly. (2012, 9)

He goes on to describe his daily routine of strolling through the village (observe/ observing) the intimate details of family life, and as he tells it, such observations seem possible and accessible. (2012, 9)

On January 10, 1992, a ship (traveled/ traveling) through rough seas lost 12 cargo containers, one of which held 28,800 floating bath toys. (2012)

However, the other company proceeded with more seeming clarity and discipline, (dividing/divided) the problem into its parts. (2012)

In many countries, amongst younger people, the habit of reading newspaper has been on the decline and some of the dollars previously (spent/ were spent) on newspaper advertising have migrated to the Internet. (2013)

(3) 능동과 수동

주어가 능동적으로 동작을 실행하면 능동태 동사를, 수동적으로 당하거나 되는 경우는 수동태 동사를 사용한다. 목적어와 관련된 경우는 목적어가 동작을 실행하는 지, 아니면 그 행위의 영향을 받는 지 확인하고 목적격 보어자리의 능동과 수동을 판별한다. 주의할 점은 주어나 목적어가 사물이라고 해서 항상 수동태로만 쓰이는 것은 아니라는 점이다. 

Another time they entered a contest to guess how many soda cans the back of a pickup truck (held/ was held). (2010, 6)

If they can get in, there is a better chance of getting the water and nutrients (needing/ needed) to survive. (2010, 6)

Artificial as this process is, this is what becomes our ‘identity,’ an identity (grounded/ grounding) on all the superficial differences. (2010, 9)

For decades, child-rearing advice from experts has (encouraged/ been encouraged) the nighttime separation of baby from parent. (2010) 

But then, he (placed/ was placed) the tiniest bit of excess pressure on his chopsticks, propelling his tofu through the air and onto his neighbor’s lap. (2011, 6)

Examine your thoughts, and you will find them wholly (to occupy/ occupied) with the past or the future. (2011)

(Asked/ Asking) to recall what they had read, they remembered the desc/2ion as being more positive than it was. (2012, 6)

We (are trapped/ trap) deep in a paradox: deciding on the best course of action, then doing something else. (2012, 6)

It is the way we explore and learn about the vast (detailed/ detailing) intricacy of human culture and individual behavior. (2012, 9)

You’ll get a great feeling (known/ knowing) you’re helping support the formation of future leaders in the profession. (2013, 9)

Advertising dollars have simply been (followed/ following) the migration trail across to these new technologies. (2013)

(4) 도치

도치된 문장이 나오면 조동사나 동사 뒤에 주어가 있는 지 확인하고, 수 일치가 제대로 이루어져있는 지 확인한다. 

Rarely (is/ are) a computer more sensitive and accurate than a human in managing the same geographical or environmental factors. (2010)

These experts are still with us, and as a result so (does/ is) the phrase. (2011, 9)

(So/ Such) imprudent are we that we wander about in times that are not ours and do not think of the one that belongs to us. (2011)

One company developed what it called a ‘technology shelf,’ created by a small group of engineers, on which (was/ were) placed possible technical solutions that other teams might use in the future. (2012)

2. 인칭, 지시대명사(+ one 대치) (수 일치)

인칭, 지시대명사가 사용되면 그 인칭, 지시대명사가 누구를/어떤 것을 받는 지 확인한다. 보통 수 일치로 나온다.

To show his students how math could really help (him/ them), he held several contests during the year. (2010, 6) 

While manned space missions are more costly than unmanned (one/ones), they are more successful. (2010)

On the other hand, halfhearted individuals are seldom distinguished for courage even when it involves (its/ their) own welfare. (2011)

It also created an open-ended conversation among (its/ their) engineers in which salespeople and designers were often included. (2012)

The part which looks to the north is lower than (it/ that) which looks to the south. (2013, 6)

Both major breakthroughs, like understanding the genetic structure of life, and smaller (ones/ one), such as advances in mathematics or basic chemistry. (2013, 9)

3. 병렬구조

and, or, so 등의 접속사를 사용하여 문장과 문장을 연결할 때는 서로 같은 형태로 연결해야 한다. 해석을 통해 어디와 어디끼리 연결되어있는 지, 어디서부터는 연결이 안 되어있는 지 확인한다. 보통 , and 를 사용하면 and가 새로운 동사를 연결하고 ,가 없으면 to 부정사나 동명사를 연결한다.

Once he filled a fishbowl with marbles, asked the students to guess how many marbles there were, and (to award/ awarded) a free lunch to the winner. (2010, 6)

But a human is much more capable of operating those instruments correctly and (to place/ placing) them in appropriate and useful positions. (2010)

We try to support the present with the future and (think/ thinking) of arranging things we cannot control, for a time we have no certainty of reaching. (2011)

Tory Higgins and his colleagues had university students read a personality desc/2ion of someone and then (summarize/ summarized) it for someone else who was believed either to like or to dislike. (2012, 6)

4. 관계사와 접속사

(1) that, which, what

that은 관계대명사뿐만 아니라, 동격의 that, 접속사 that, 지시대명사 that 등 다양한 기능으로 쓰일 수 있다. 

관계대명사 that은 사람일 때 who, 사물일 때 which랑 같다. 즉, 관계사 절 안의 문장이 불완전하다. (주어나 목적어가 부족함.)

동격의 that은 The idea that S+V+O +V (보통 be동사), the moment that S+V+O + V (보통 be동사) 등과 같이 that 뒤에 완전한 문장이 나오고 문장의 진짜 동사가 뒤에 나온다.

접속사 that은 I believe that S+V+O, I think that+S+V+O 등과 같이 that 뒤에 완전한 문장이 나온다. 이 때 that은 생략할 수 있다.

지시대명사 that은 어떤 대상을 지칭한다. it과는 달리 어떤 대상의 counterpart도 지칭할 수 있다.

what은 선행사를 포함한 관계대명사로, the thing which로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다. 즉, 선행사가 what 바로 앞에 나와서는 안되며, what절은 주어나 목적어가 부족한 불완전한 문장이다.

Almost every day, I play a game with myself (that/ what) I call ‘time machine.’ (2010, 9)

He judged by the sound (which/ that) the fall was a mere slip and could not have hurt Meredith. (2010, 6)

Everyone looked at (what/how) the man held his chopsticks, so that they could imitate him. (2011, 6)

Nevertheless, they begin to believe (what/ that) they are saying. (2012, 6)

(That/ What) appears to us as simultaneous is actually a kind of “follow your neighbor” behavior moving faster than the eye can see. (2013, 6)

Academia believes in “open architectures,” meaning (that/ which) the knowledge that research produces should be made public to encourage innovation. (2013, 9) 

(2) who, whom

주격 관계대명사 who는 선행사가 사람일 때, 관계사절 안에서 주어의 역할을 한다. 목적격 관계대명사 whom은 선행사가 사람일 때, 관계사절 안에서 목적어의 역할을 한다. who는 whom 대신 쓸 수 있지만, 그 반대는 불가능하다. who와 whom 둘 중 하나를 골라야 한다면 90%이상의 확률로 who가 정답이다. 

I recently saw a news interview with an acquaintance (who/ whom) I was certain was going to lie about a few particular sensitive issues, and lie she did. (2012, 9) 

In 1762, this island was taken by the English, (who/ where) restored it the following year to the French by the Peace of Paris, and since that time it has been in the possession of the latter. (2013, 6) 

(3) where

where뒤에는 보통 완전한 문장이 나온다. 

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, had a great sense of delicacy (where/ that) other persons’ feelings were concerned. (2011, 6)

After seven months, the first toys made landfall on beaches near Sitka, Alaska, 3,540 kilometers from (what/ where) they were lost. (2012)

(4) if/ whether

if는 다양한 뜻(만약 ~라면, 비록 ~일지라도, ~인지 아닌지)이 있지만 어법성 판단에서는 whether와 같은 의미로 쓰인 것(~인지 아닌지)만 나온다. if는 사용하는데 제약이 많은데(주격으로 쓰일 수 없음, 전치사의 목적어로 쓰일 수 없음.) 비해 whether는 상대적으로 제약이 덜하다.   

After going to see the accommodations, he came up to the purser’s desk and inquired (if/ that) he could leave his valuables in the ships’ safe. (2011, 9)

(5) 전치사+관계대명사

전치사+관계대명사는 선행사를 찾아 관계대명사 안에 집어 넣고, 전치사의 의미와 함께 해석하면 된다. 전치사+관계대명사 뒤에는 보통 완전한 문장이 나온다.

The dictionary defines courage as a quality which enables one to pursue a right course of action, (through which/ which) one may provoke disapproval. (2011)

And it is, importantly, the way (in which/ which) most cultural anthropologists earn and maintain their professional standing. (2012, 9)

To oversimplify, basic ideas bubble out of universities and laboratories (in which/ which) a group of researchers work together. (2013, 9)

(6) 복합관계대명사와 복합관계부사

복합관계대명사 뒤에는 주어나 목적어가 부족한 불완전한 문장이 나오고, 복합관계부사 뒤에는 완전한 문장이 나온다.

We can read the news of the day, or the latest on business, entertainment or (however, whatever) news on the websites of the New York Times, the Guardian or almost any other major newspaper in the world. (2013)

5. 부정사

부정사에는 to부정사, 동명사, 원형부정사가 있다. to부정사는 미래지향적이고, 동명사는 과거나 현재와 관련이 깊다. 사역동사 (make, let, have) 뒤 목적격 보어자리에는 목적어가 능동적이면 원형부정사, 수동적이면 p.p. 가 나온다. 조동사 뒤에는 일반적으로 동사의 원형이 나온다. 

(To play/playing) ‘time machine’ all you have to do is to imagine that whatever circumstance you are dealing with is not happening right now but a year from now. (2010, 9)

I find myself laughing at things that I used to (take/ taking) far too seriously. (2010, 9)

Meredith suffered from an unusual disease that caused him (fall/ to fall) occasionally. (2011, 6)

It is not easy (to show/ showing) moral courage in the face of either indifference or opposition. (2011)

The way around this is (to see/seeing) that habits are responses to needs. (2012, 6)

Some of the early personal accounts of anthropologists in the filed make fieldwork (sound/ sounded) exciting, adventuresome, certainly exotic, sometimes easy. (2012, 9)

The boundaries among business units were deliberately ambiguous because more than technical information was needed (to get/getting) a feeling for the problem. (2012)

The two companies did eventually (solve/ to solve) the technological problem, but the latter company had more difficulty than the former. (2012) 

Because individuals can see, or sense, the wave (coming/ to come) toward them, they are ready to react more quickly than they would without such advance notice. (2013, 6)

We’ve done everything we can (contain/ to contain) costs without compromising quality. (2013, 9)

Traditionally, intellectual property has played little role in (promoting/ to promote) basic science. (2013, 9)

6. 형용사와 부사

be동사류(seem, become, feel 등) 뒤에는 보통 형용사가 나온다. 형용사는 주어를 보충해주는 주격보어로 쓰이거나 명사 앞, 뒤에서 그 명사를 꾸며주는 역할을 한다. 부사는 명사를 제외한 형용사, 동사, 부사, 문장 전체를 꾸며줄 수 있다. 

It might be an argument with your spouse, a mistake, or a lost opportunity, but it is highly (likely/like) that a year from now you are not going to care. (2010, 9)

But it soon became (evident/ evidently) that their knowledge was limited and of no practical value. (2011, 9)

This sounds (obvious/ obviously), but countless efforts at habit change ignore its implications. (2012, 6)

Sometimes the variation is as (subtle/ subtly) as a pause. (2012, 9)

As a source of plot, character, and dialogue, the novel seemed more (suitable/ suitably). (2013)

(4) 비교급 강조

far, still, a lot, even, much는 비교급 형용사를 강조하는 부사로 쓰인다. very는 비교급을 강조할 수 없다. 

“He was a fiercely proud old man,” Conan Doyle later explained, “and my instincts told me that his humiliation in being helped up would be (far/ many) greater than any relief I could give him.”

Some toy animals stayed at sea (even/ very) longer. (2012)

7. 대명사와 재귀대명사

같은 절에서 주어와 목적어가 동일한 사람인 경우 재귀대명사를 쓸 수 있다. 동일한 사람이 아니면 일반 대명사를 써야 한다.

After a brief moment of surprise, in order to preserve the myth of their guest’s perfection and keep (him/ himself) from any embarrassment, all the villagers at the banquet began to fling tofu into each other’s laps. (2011, 6)

8. 상호대명사

(1) other, another

other는 보통 같은 집단 내에서 다른 개체를 지칭할 때 쓰인다.

another는 주어가 속해있는 집단과 완전히 다른 집단에 속해 있을 때 쓰인다. 보통 글의 도입부에서 쓴다.

the other는 두 개체 중 one이 아닌 다른 나머지를 지칭할 때 쓰인다.

When he went on board, he found (another/ other) passenger was to share the cabin with him. (2011, 9)

Being a hybrid art as well as a late one, film has always been in a dialogue with (other/ the other) narrative genres. (2013)

9. most

most는 ‘가장 ~한’ 이라는 최상급 표현으로 쓰거나 ‘대부분’ 의 의미로 쓰인다.

most of the +Ns 는 N이라는 집단에서 대부분을 지칭할 때 쓰인다.

almost는 ‘거의’ 라는 의미로 주로 부사를 수식할 때 쓰인다.

They used (most/ almost) of the prize money for an end-of-the-year field trip. (2010, 6)

Rather, the individual fish or bird is reacting (almost/ most) instantly to the movements of its neighbors in the school or flock. (2013, 6)

10. 기타

While this simple game will not solve (every/all) your problems, it can give you an enormous amount of needed perspective. (2010, 9)

(Any/ some) individual can initiate a movement, such as a change in direction, and this sends out a “maneuver wave,” which spreads through the group at an astounding speed. (2013, 6)

We know that the journalism program at our college was a source of (many/ much) of these firsts for you. (2013, 9)

<정답>

1. is/ is/ claim/ is/ adopts/ were/ is/advertising/ remarked/ meaning/ achieve/ trying/ dealt/ observing/ traveling/ dividing/ spent/ held/ needed/ grounded/ encouraged/ placed/ occupied/ asked/ are trapped/ detailed/ knowing/ following/ is/ is/ so/ were

2. them/ ones/ their/ its/ that/ ones

3. awarded/ placing/ summarize

4. that/ that/ how/ what/ what/ that/ who/ who/ where/ where/ if/ through which/ in which/ in which/ whatever

5. to play/ take/ to fall/ to show/ to see/ sound/ to get/ solve/ coming/ to contain/ promoting

6. likely/ evident/ obvious/ subtle/ suitable/ far/ even

7. him

8. another/ other

9. most/ almost

10. all/ any/ many